Hip Hop and the Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Music

The Hip Hop development was conceived while the Civil Rights development was maturing. The Civil Rights development, at its tallness tended to social imbalances be that as it may, in its old age it started to request financial correspondence †enter Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Battle. Albeit Black Americans were permitted to eat close to White Americans in eateries, and were permitted to sit close to White Americans on transports and appreciate correspondence as far as access, racial domination went underground and showed as red-coating, inconsistent insurance under the law, and a more noteworthy difference between once racially isolated schools that are currently monetarily isolated. The Civil Rights Movement what's more, the Hip Hop development are comparative, yet are unique. Whenever abused people draw upon the qualities and shortcomings of these developments they will create significant results socially and monetarily in the United States and abroad. It is difficult to isolate my voice from this theme, as I was conceived as an African American young lady in 1984 during when Hip Hop could figuratively be thought of a youthful. Through discussions with my grandma, who experienced childhood in isolated Arkansas, just as my mom who was a young person during the tempestuous 70’s I have learned subjective data about the Civil Rights development. After much examination, the significant worry for Civil Right’s activists was the coordination of schools and all open foundations. Dark youngsters needed to walk a few miles to class †while white understudies were given transportation, Black youngsters were given â€Å"hand-me down† reading material and supplies and dark educators were given a small amount of the compensation that white instructors made. After the noteworthy success of Brown v. Leading body of Educati... ... continuously been an issue, however hip jump has the capacity to cross monetary, social and strict divisions. The social liberties development did not have the assets that the hip-jump development has today anyway it has the strength, the ability and plan to take our general public to the following level where people will be not so much mistreated but rather more ready to decidedly add to the inheritance and qualities transformation of America. 10 Works Cited snares, chime. We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge, 2004. Kitwana, Bakari. The Hip Hop Generation: Young Blacks and Crisis in African American Culture. New York: Basic Civitas, 2002. Morgan, Joan. When Chickenheads Come Home To Roost: My Life as a Hip Hop Women's activist. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999. Neal, Mark Anthony. Soul Babies: Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Esthetic. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 21-23

21 AUGUSTUS BRINE â€Å"I discovered them. The vehicle is left before Jenny Masterson's house.† Augustus Brine raged into the house conveying a staple sack in each arm. Gian Hen Gian was in the kitchen pouring salt from a round, blue box into a pitcher of Koolaid. Saline solution put the sacks down on the hearth. â€Å"Help me acquire a portion of this stuff. There's more sacks in the truck.† The genie strolled to the chimney and glanced in the sacks. One was loaded up with dry-cell batteries and spools of wire. The other was brimming with earthy colored cardboard chambers around four inches in length and an inch in distance across. Gian Hen Gian removed one of the chambers from the sack and held it up. A green, waterproof circuit stretched out from one end. â€Å"What are these?† â€Å"Seal bombs,† Brine said. â€Å"The Department of Fish and Game conveys them to anglers to frighten closes from their lines and nets. I had a bundle at the store.† â€Å"Explosives are pointless against the demon.† â€Å"There are five additional sacks in the truck. Would you get them, please?† Brine started to lay the seal bombs out in a line on the hearth. â€Å"I don't have the foggiest idea how much time we have.† â€Å"What am I, some rummaging hireling? Am I a helpful animal weight? Should I, Gian Hen Gian, ruler of the Djinn, be decreased to bearing burdens for an oblivious human who might assault an evil presence from damnation with firecrackers?† â€Å"O King,† Brine stated, exasperated, â€Å"please get the goddamn sacks so I can complete this before dawn.† â€Å"It is useless.† â€Å"I'm not going to attempt to explode him. I simply need to know where he is. Except if you can utilize your extraordinary capacity to control him, O King of the Djinn.† â€Å"You know I cannot.† â€Å"The bags!† â€Å"You are a dumb, cowardly man, Augustus Brine. I've seen more insight in the groin lice of collection of mistresses whores.† The genie exited the entryway and his harangue blurred into the night. Salt water was systematically wrapping the breakers of the seal bombs with slender monofilament silver wire intended to warm up when a momentum was applied. It was an inaccurate technique for explosion, however Brine had no entrance to shooting tops at this hour of the morning. The genie returned in a second conveying two basic food item sacks. â€Å"Put them on the chairs.† Brine signaled with his head. â€Å"These packs are loaded up with flour,† Gian Hen Gian said. â€Å"Are you going to prepare bread, Augustus Brine?† 22 TRAVIS AND JENNY There was something in particular about her that made Travis need to dump his life out on the foot stool like a pocket loaded with coins; let her sort through and keep what she needed. On the off chance that he was still here in the first part of the day, he'd educate her regarding Catch, yet not currently. â€Å"Do you like traveling?† Jenny inquired. â€Å"I'm becoming weary of it. I could utilize a break.† She tasted from a glass of red wine and pulled her skirt down for the tenth time. There was as yet an impartial zone between them on the lounge chair. She stated, â€Å"You don't appear as though any protection sales rep I've at any point known. I trust you wouldn't fret my idiom, yet as a rule protection men dress in uproarious coats and stink of modest cologne. I've never met one that appeared to be genuine about anything.† â€Å"It's a job.† Travis trusted she wouldn't get some information about the subtleties of his activity. He didn't have the foggiest idea about a thing about protection. He had chosen the profession in light of the fact that Effrom Elliot had confused him with a protection man that evening, so it was the principal thing that rung a bell. â€Å"When I was a child, a protection man went to our home to sell my dad some life insurance,† Jenny said. â€Å"He assembled the family before the chimney and snapped our photo with a Polaroid camera. It was a pleasant picture. My dad was remaining at one side of all of us, looking glad. As we were passing the image around, the protection man grabbed the image out of my dad's hands and stated, ‘What a pleasant family.' Then he tore my dad good and gone and stated, ‘Now what will they do?' I burst into tears. My dad was frightened.† Travis stated: â€Å"I'm sorry, Jenny.† Perhaps he ought to have revealed to her he was a brush sales rep. Did she have any awful brush-sales rep stories? â€Å"Do you do that, Travis? Do you terrify individuals for a living?† â€Å"What do you think?† â€Å"Like I stated, you don't appear to be a protection man.† â€Å"Jennifer, I have to let you know something†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It's alright. I'm heartbroken, I got somewhat overwhelming on you. You do what you do. I never thought I'd be tending to tables at this age.† â€Å"What did you need to do? That is to say, when you were a young lady, what did you need to be the point at which you developed up?† â€Å"Honestly?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"I needed to be a mother. I needed to have a family and a man who cherished me and a pleasant house. Entirely unambitious, huh?† â€Å"No, there's nothing amiss with that. What happened?† She depleted her wineglass and presented herself with another from the container on the foot stool. â€Å"You can't have a family alone.† â€Å"But?† â€Å"Travis, I would prefer not to demolish the night by speaking increasingly about my marriage. I'm attempting to make some changes.† Travis let it go. She got his quietness as understanding and lit up. â€Å"So, what did you need to do when you developed up?† â€Å"Honestly?† â€Å"Don't reveal to me you needed to be a housewife, too.† â€Å"When I was growing up that is all any young lady needed to be.† â€Å"Where did you grow up, Siberia?† â€Å"Pennsylvania. I experienced childhood with a farm.† â€Å"And what did the homestead kid from Pennsylvania need to be the point at which he developed up?† â€Å"A priest.† Jenny chuckled. â€Å"I never knew any individual who needed to be a minister. What did you do while different young men were playing armed force, give last rights to the dead?† â€Å"No, it wasn't that way. My mom consistently needed me to be a cleric. When I was mature enough, I left to theological college. It didn't work out.† â€Å"So you turned into a protection man. I guess that works. I read once that all religions and insurance agencies are upheld by the dread of death.† â€Å"That's pretty cynical,† the demonkeeper said. â€Å"I'm sorry, Travis. I don't have a lot of confidence in the idea of an almighty being that would praise war and violence.† â€Å"You should.† â€Å"Are you attempting to change over me?† â€Å"No, it's simply that I know, completely, that God exists.† â€Å"No one knows anything totally. I'm not without confidence. I have my own convictions, yet I have my questions, too.† â€Å"So did I.† â€Å"Did? What occurred, did the Holy Spirit come to you in the night and state, ‘Go forward and sell insurance'?† â€Å"Something like that.† Travis constrained a grin. â€Å"Travis, you are an abnormal man.† â€Å"I truly would not like to discuss religion.† â€Å"Good. I'll disclose to you my convictions in the first part of the day. You'll be very stunned, I'm sure.† â€Å"I question that, I truly do†¦ Did you say ‘in the morning'?† Jenny held her hand out to him. Inside she was uncertain of what she was doing, however it appeared to be fine †at any rate it didn't feel wrong. â€Å"Did I miss something?† Travis inquired. â€Å"I thought you were irate with me.† â€Å"No, for what reason would I resent you?† â€Å"Because of my faith.† â€Å"I believe it's cute.† â€Å"Cute? Adorable! You think the Roman Catholic Church is charming? A hundred popes are overflowing with their graves, Jenny.† â€Å"Good. They aren't welcomed. Move over here.† â€Å"Are you sure?† he said. â€Å"You've had a ton of wine.† She didn't know by any stretch of the imagination, by the by she gestured to him. She was single, isn't that so? She enjoyed him, correct? All things considered, heck, it was begun now. He slid down the lounge chair to her side and took her in his arms. They kissed, clumsily from the outset; he was excessively mindful of himself and she was all the while thinking about whether she ought to have welcomed him in any case. He held her more tightly and she curved her back and pushed against him and the two of them overlooked their reservations. The world outside stopped to exist. At the point when they at long last broke the kiss, he covered his face in her hair and held her tight so she was unable to pull away and see the tears in his eyes. â€Å"Jenny,† he said delicately, â€Å"it's been a long time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She shushed him and delved her hands into his hair. â€Å"Everything will be fine. Just fine.† Maybe it was on the grounds that they were both apprehensive, or maybe it was on the grounds that they truly didn't have any acquaintance with one another; it may even have been that by assuming a job they would not need to confront anything other than the occasion. The jobs they played for the duration of the night changed. To begin with, each gave when the other required, and later, when need was not, at this point an issue, they assumed their jobs out to felicity. It advanced in this manner: she was the sofa-bed, he the console; at that point he was the getting instructor, she the confounded questioner; she turned into the attendant, he the patient in footing; he played the job of the gullible helper, she the enticing duchess; he was the military trainer, she the crude select; she was the unfeeling expert, he the powerless slave young lady. The hours shortly before dawn discovered them exposed on the kitchen floor after Travis had played a rampaging Godzilla to Jennifer's clueless Tokyo. They were hunkered over a cooking toaster stove, each with a table blade stacked with margarine, ready like killers trusting that the sign will drop their cutting edges. They finished a portion of toast, a half-pound of margarine, a quart of tofu dessert, a crate of entire wheat cream-sandwich treats, a sack of unsalted blue corn chips, and a naturally developed watermelon that spouted pink squeeze down their jawlines wh

A Holiday For Murder :: essays research papers

Section 1, Chapter 1. A man canceled Stephen gets a train and he is determined to accomplishing something that he has intended to accomplish for quite a while. The man is from Africa since he said that he felt achy to go home. Was three days before Christmas. Utilizations words like DrabSaw a lovely young lady sitting on the train. She watched strange. Section 1, Chapter 2.Pilar, the young lady describes. She was additionally set to accomplish something. She saw a gorgeous man in the passage. He strolled in to converse with her. Gave what the two individuals are thinking while they are conversing with each other. They discussed the amount they abhorred England. Pilar originated from Spain. A war was on at that point. She recounted to an account of when her driver was murdered by a bomb: she didn't appear to mind! (P5)He informed her regarding Africa and an account of when he was a child. Section 1, Chapter 3. A lot of individuals discussing their dad. They discuss the amount they loathe him, and how they need to break their chains. Lydia had a nursery with various scenes that she had made the nursery to resemble. One of the scenes was the Dead Sea. Steward had been at the house for a long time. Section 1, Chapter 4.Two, David and Hilda, discussing the man's mom and how she was embarrassed by his dad with his undertakings that he gloated about. The mother couldn't devorce on account of the occasions. Reprimands his dad for his moms' passing. He had not seen his dad since he began school due to a debate between what he needed to do and what his dad needed him to do. Section 1, Chapter 5. George Lee and his better half are discussing his dad's incredible riches. "A mogul twice finished, I believe." (George:P17)Made his cash from mining South African Diamonds.Georges' sister kicked the bucket a year prior to the hour of the book. Harry is the sibling who went venturing to the far corners of the planet, and frequently sent messages to wire him cash. He generally got cash from his dad despite the fact that he had a gigantic battle with his dad before he left since his dad needed him to accomplish something with his life. Section 1, Chapter 6. The elderly person and Lydia discussing the two puzzling individuals that should show up the following day.

An Impact Of The Boston Massacre - Free Essay Example

The Boston Massacre had a big impact on American history, because of   how it started, with many fights, too many taxes, too many laws and too many expenses, what happened during the massacre,with the killing and injuring of colonists and British soldiers, and because of what happened afterwards, with the British troops leaving Boston, and creating anti British views.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the Boston Massacre happened, the colonists were very unhappy with how the British ran the colonies, (Nelson 1).The British made a group of laws called the townshend acts that the colonists had to follow and the colonists did not like this, (Nelson 1).They thought the laws broke their rights. The colonists began to protest because of this, (Nelson 1).   The British also highly taxed the colonists on everything like things such as tea, glass, paper, paint, lead and many more things, (Nelson 1). Before the Massacre, fights were already breaking out between the colonists and the British because the colonists were mad about the taxes and laws and they would vandalize stores selling British goods and intimated store merchants and their customers. Many fights broke out between local workers and British soldiers, (History 1). Some colonists also tried to boycott the British products as much as possible by not ordering and trading with them as much and making more of their stuff in their colonies so that the British did not get as much of a profit, (History 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Boston Massacre happened on March 5th 1770, on King Street, that night there was a crowd of angry colonists on the street, because of rumors that soldiers were going to cut down the Liberty tree and the colonists were already upset with the British because of all the taxes and laws that the colonists had to deal with, (Wallenfeldt 1).The Boston crowd attacked the British barracks with snow ice and oyster shells, (Wallenfeldt 1). The soldiers were told to stay in their barracks but in all the chaos some of the British soldiers mistakenly heard the command to fire their guns, and that night 4 people died and 6 were injured, (Wallenfeldt 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     After the Boston Massacre, 13 people were arrested including 8 British soldiers, 1 officer and 4 citizens, (Nelson 1).They were charged with murder and put in jail. The British troops left the city of Boston, (Nelson 1).After the massacre the Colonists wanted more patriotism, (Nelson 1). The Boston Massacre also caused anti British views because the British were doing bad things and encouraging fights with blood and murder so this made lots of people have negative views about the British,(History 1).This greatly hurt the British because people stopped buying lots of their products because of this,(History 1). Later, the American and British colonists continued their disagreements with the Boston Tea party and Revolutionary War, (History 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, The Boston Massacre had a big impact on American history, because of   how it started, with many fights, too many taxes, too many laws and too many expenses, what happened during the massacre,with the killing and injuring of colonists and British soldiers, and because of what happened afterwards, with the British troops leaving Boston, and creating anti British views.   The Boston Massacre changed America because this helped get the British to leave the colonies and America to gain their freedom. If the British were still ruling and controlling America, The Americans lives out be very different today lives would be very different today.

Descriptive Essay My Unforgettable Travels - 1245 Words

My Unforgettable Travels Visualizing a picture in your head can be so captivating and it can bring back memories you’d never thought you would remember. I visualized a picture of a love lock bridge in Paris, France because it is something that stood out to me when I was traveling. Everything about this area was amazing and breathtaking. I will always remember traveling to France and Spain because of how different other countries are than the United States. Going to these places really made me love exploring and learning new things about the world. When going to France, I really depicted it as a different place than it was. I thought it was going to be just like New York City with a little touch of different people. I was so incredibly wrong. I went there in February of this year and ever since then I can’t wait to go back to different countries. The lifestyle there was so serene and mesmerizing all at once. You felt this almost joy of just walking into certain places. I went to multiple different places there. For example, I went to the Palace of Versailles, Hotel Des Invalides, the Eiffel Tower and then art museums with painting like the Mona Lisa and much more. These places were spectacular and so different. The work of every building was hand crafted and made me wish I could live in Paris. The people there were a little rude to Americans, but that didn’t stop me from trying to converse with them as much as I could. I would always look up differentShow MoreRelatedArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesbecomes more prominent depending on the context. They argue that feelings play a central role in consumer decision making and merit serious investigation, which, for this study, means that intertwining mind and body is crucial for creating an unforgettable consumer experience. The effort afoot to restore embodied realism to social scientiï ¬ c inquiry (Johnson 1999; Lakoff and Johnson 1999) has generated some of the m ost exciting research into consumer behavior. In this article, we address the linksRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesbecomes more prominent depending on the context. They argue that feelings play a central role in consumer decision making and merit serious investigation, which, for this study, means that intertwining mind and body is crucial for creating an unforgettable consumer experience. The effort afoot to restore embodied realism to social scientiï ¬ c inquiry (Johnson 1999; Lakoff and Johnson 1999) has generated some of the most exciting research into consumer behavior. In this article, we address the links

Letter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis - 1136 Words

Within Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from the Birmingham Jail, he addresses eight white clergymen who fill his desk with disagreements and criticism of his acts of attempting to abolish segregation. To give a better understanding to his audience he correlates his speech with religion, signifying himself to be similar to the Apostle Paul, while speaking up about the injustice being done in Birmingham. Martin Luther King Jr. speaks strongly about being unable to stand back and watch the disputes in Birmingham unravel. â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly,† famously said by Martin†¦show more content†¦King Jr. calls to those in society to put away the â€Å"racial prejudice† and encourages those to think clearly instead of being in a dazed and confused state of misunderstandings and fear. Q uickly a nation can be corrupted by national policies, especially if they are unjust. â€Å"Now is the time to lift our national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of human dignity† (King). Referring to the nation as an unstable foundation, King Jr. calls to one another to create a uniformed and solid ground for everyone to stand on as a nation. Martin Luther King Jr. uses clear metaphors and alliterations to clearly and visually make his points on segregation. Whether it be in a sarcastic verbiage or not, Martin Luther King Jr. addresses his audience by saying, â€Å"but since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms† (King). By using a first-person point of view, King Jr. is able to establish himself as a credible speaker. â€Å"I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organizationShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1052 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination is? A Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail It is known to all that Martin Luther King is a famous person in America, who strongly goes against the racial discrimination all the time. Here, in this letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, it is easy for us to realize that racial discrimination appears and the non-violence action is still serious at that time. As a matter of fact, this letter is coming from the people in the Birmingham jail, stating their inner thoughtsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail1517 Words   |  7 PagesDevin Ponder Eng291-001 13 September 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† by Martin Luther King, Jr., is a letter in which King is writing to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† in a response to their recent criticism of the actions he was leading in Birmingham at the time. The letter was written in April of 1963, a time when segregation was essentially at a peak in the south. Birmingham, in particular, is described by King as â€Å"probablyRead Moreâ€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† Analysis of the Rhetorical Appeals1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthis when he wrote an open letter while in his jail cell after a peaceful debate against segregation. His lettered response was guided at a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen saying that segregation should be fought in court and not on the streets. King uses a combination of three rhetorical appeals to accomplish his rhetor; ethical, logical and emotional. The three appeals used together successfully persuade the audience to believe King’s argument . The rhetorical trinity consists of threeRead MoreSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†1708 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, in Birmingham, for protesting without a permit. The same day that King was arrested, a letter was written and signed by eight clergymen from Birmingham and titled â€Å"A Call for Unity†. The letter called for ending demonstrations and civil activities and indicated King as an â€Å"outsider†. On April 16, 1963, King responded to their letter with his own call, which has come toRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1665 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a great example of an effective and cleverly written response by a complex but yet sophisticated leader of our time. It was written in response to an editorial addressing the issue of Negro demonstrations and segregation in Alabama at the time. He delivers the message in a way with sneaky superiority. He is inviting and open allowing the clergymen to feel as though they have c ontributed and will contribute. He is not condescending or belittlingRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail; Rhetorical Analysis Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesof work. Whether that drive comes from a creative source or the need to prove a point, it exists. For Martin Luther King Jr. that drive was the need to put an end to racial injustice that seemed to be everywhere. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a perfect example. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was King’s response to eight clergymen’s â€Å"A Call for Unity.† His drive came from the clergymen’s unjust propositions and accusations. This letter allowed King to not only propose aRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail983 Words   |  4 Pages Letter from Birmingham Jail is a letter that explains the controversy that occurred when the clergymen purportedly criticized Luther’s entrance into Birmingham. Luther King Jr writes this letter to the clergymen who had insinuated that the situation of racial discrimination was in control by the law administrators and was not to be intervened by King and his group, the outsiders. The letter is published by the program of Teaching American History - Ashland University and dated on the day and dateRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From A Birmingham Jail1488 Words   |  6 Pages Obviously, again my primary motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is that this is a requirement for my English Composition Class. My heartfelt motivation for writing my Rhetorical Analysis is the respect I have for Martin Luther King’s intelligence and commitment that he displayed for the equality of the African American population. In analyzing â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†, I developed an even stronger understanding of the dedicationRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail W/ Focus on Ethos1587 Words   |  7 PagesMLK Letter From Birmingham Jail Rhetorical Analysis- w/ focus on Ethos â€Å"...we are now confronted by a series of demonstrations by some of our Negro citizens, directed and led in part by outsiders†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote, from the third paragraph of the letter written by eight Alabama clergymen, the term outsiders is used. Early on, this creates a label for Martin Luther King, outsider. Throughout his Letter From Birmingham Jail, King is able appeal to ethos in order to refute his title of â€Å"outsider†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Mlk Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King’s inspiration for writing his, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was mainly to appeal to an undeniable injustice that occurred during his time. His letter was in response tos eight white clergymen, who objected to King protesting in Birmingham. Dr. King effectively crafted his counterargument after analyzing the clergymen’s unjust proposals and then he was able to present his rebuttal. Dr. King eff ectively formed his counterargument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen

The United States Airline Industry

Question : What is the United States Airline Industry? Answer : Introduction For a long time, the airline industry of the United States has been struggling to make a profit. Various factors have been identified by analysts that have made the industry performance to deteriorate. There have been other carriers that have entered the industry which charges low fares to passengers. These new competitors have put their focus on more attractive routes, and they use an aircraft of one type enabling them to reduce the costs associated with maintenance. The U.S. airline industry has been left with no choice but to also reduce their fares. Also, the emergence of travel sites on the internet has enabled customers to compare the prices of different carriers which have made the fares remain low (Holderness, 2009, p.1382). An Overview of U.S. Airline Industry The network of air transport in the U.S. is very extensive. Research conducted in 2013 reported that 86 airports handled more than 1,000,000 each year. In the United States, air transport is the most preferred means of transport for distances which are over 480km. This is because of the geographical setup and great distances between cities. Air transportation has reduced from the time the great recession started. Rapid consolidation has also been experienced in the industry due to the mergers of the largest carriers in the nation (David, Dorn, and Hadson, 2013, p.2125) The terrorists attacks which occurred on 11th September in America have made the air industry to suffer significantly. These attacks made customers to lose their confidence in the industry. During the first week of the attack, more than 330 million dollars were lost by the industry every day. In the subsequent years, the reduction in demand followed by the reducing cost of travel by air has made revenues to decrease greatly. The cost of fuel has also been on the rise which has made the losses incurred by the airlines to increase. The other expense incurred by the airline is the salaries of its staff. To compensate for increased cost and reducing revenues, various airlines have reduced the number of the operating planes forcing the airlines to lay off some of the employees resulting in increasing unemployment rate which have an adverse impact on the economy (Keeney and Hertel, 2009, p.897). In the United States, it is the role of the local government to construct and operate public airports. The military bases are the only exemption. Regarding security and regulation, the air transport industry is regulated by an agency called TSA, which is part of the Homeland Security of the U.S. For every passenger to board a plane, one must provide an ID that is issued by the state, and it must be a valid one. Each person is required to go through a body scan before being allowed onto a plane so that there are no items that are prohibited. In the U.S. the airlines which carry passengers are owned privately. Currently, there is ticket price regulation by the government although the government has jurisdiction over training of pilots, the safety of aircraft, and investigation of aircraft. Air cargo is usually part of the many flights that take place daily and is operated parcel companies that are usually privately owned (Acs and Amoros, 2008, p.310). Competitive Forces Analysis. An analysis of the competitive forces of the U.S. is critical since it helps investors to know the financial position of the company and its marketplace position. The U.S. airline competitive forces can be analysed using the Porters Five Forces tool. This tool is an analytical framework whose aim is to evaluate the position of the company within the industry in which it operates, and it also considers the different types of threats which may either be vertical or horizontal. A threat that is vertical in nature is one that is along the chain of supply, such as suppliers or buyers obtaining the power to bargain which can make a company have a competitive disadvantage. A threat that is horizontal is a competitive one, for instance, the entry of a new company in the market or customer changing their preferences which favor substitutes (Gerardi and Shapiro, 2009, p.12). Investors can, therefore, use these five forces to identify the most likely threats to the U.S. airline industry. The ma in reason for using the Porters Five forces of analysis for the U.S. airline industry is because it has been faced by challenging external factors which include the rise of fuel prices, reducing passenger traffic, rising operating expenses, high maintenance and landing costs among other factors. The five forces are. The Power of Suppliers to Bargain. The suppliers power is great because airlines have three major inputs which are labor, fuel, and aircraft which are greatly influenced by the external environment. For example, the price of fuel is affected by the global market fluctuations which can be escalated by factors which are geopolitical or other different factors. Labour is similarly subject to the unions power which most of the times bargain for better compensation terms. Thirdly the U.S airline industry acquires aircraft by wet lease basis or by outright sale meaning that various airlines have to rely on two big suppliers, Boeing and Airbus for their different aircraft needs. This is the sole reason why the suppliers power has been termed as high regarding the Porter framework. These factors have made the profitability of the United States airline industry to decline significantly (Fu, Oum, and Shang, 2010, p.28) Customers Bargaining Power The proliferation of distribution systems and online ticketing has made passengers have a wide range of choices in acquiring the tickets. Customers no longer depend on airlines, agents or intermediaries for them to purchase tickets. Also, there has been an entry of carriers which charge less to their customers and the price wars that result in benefits the customers. There have also been tight regulation on the side of demand of the industry which means that passengers have been protected and the balance of power falls in their favor. This has greatly influenced the profitability of the airline industry in a negative way. This is because customers cannot be deterred by price fluctuations due to availability of many channels which they can use to book tickets (Givoni and Rietveld, 2009, p.504) The Threat of New Entrants and Exit Barriers. Entering the airline industry requires investing the huge amount of capital and even when a decision to exit the sector is made by the airlines, they are required to absorb massive losses. This indicates that exit and entry barriers of the airline industry are high. Due to the high capital requirements for entry in the industry is limits the number of people who may want start the business of this nature since a lot of expertise and knowledge is required by the players. The barriers of exit are subject to certain regulations, and those who are tasked with the mandate of regulation do not allow airlines to do so unless they present genuine reasons. This exit and entry barriers have made the U.S. airlines to continually incur losses posing a threat to profitability (Fu, Oum, and Shang, 2010, p.33). Threats of Complementariness and Substitutes In the U.S. the airline industry does not face threats from complementariness and substitutes, unlike the countries which are developing. This is because air travel is a phenomenon that is natural for the customers and therefore the impact of alternatives such as bus or train is small. However, many Americans use cars to travel longer distances meaning this substitute is a threat. On the side of complementariness, offering services such as free wifi and other amenities to the passengers provided by airlines which offer full service does not necessarily result in more passengers because customers are more enticed by reduced fare rather than these factors (Gerardi and Shapiro, 2009, p.17). Competitive Rivalry Intensity Various reasons make the airline industry in the United States to be very competitive. This includes entry of carriers that charge low prices, regulations that are tight where safety become very key which make the operating expenses to be very high and the fact that airlines are managed by a model of business that is a little outdated. To make the matter worse, the industry is less regulated on the demand side than on the supply side meaning the airlines do not have freedom to choose the markets to operate in. On the contrary, it is the consumers who are favored by the regulators. This competition has made the profitability of the U.S. airline to decrease (Givoni and Rietveld, 2009, p.507). Economic Performance The U.S airline industry has grown rapidly over the years, but there has not been robust and consistent profitability. Most of the growth has been caused by carriers which charge low cost which today controls some significant percent of the market worldwide. These carriers have been expanding their operations markets that are emerging. The low-profit growth is due to the complex nature of the airline business. There are strict regulations which govern the industry and hence every decision made should not be contrary to the rules. The United States airline sector is one of the sectors that has experienced the fall of prices over the years (Holderness, 2009, p.1401). The U.S airline earnings have shown a cyclical behavior over the years. Researchers have concluded that the profit cycles in the airline industries are caused by not fully accounting for delays in the feedbacks which are negative which controls capacity acquisition, inventory, and other resources. The reasons for the profit cycles are prices, demand, wages, and costs. The demand affects the profit cycle in that during the seasons that people have much disposable income, they travel a lot, and this causes the revenues of the airlines to increase, and when the disposable income is little, there is less travel which decreases profits as well. The prices of travel have significantly been reducing due to an entry of low-cost carriers in the market. This has in turn reduced the profits and hence there has not been stability in the profit cycle. The costs of operations of aircraft are usually high especially the maintenance costs. This is because safety is very key in the airlines. These hi gh costs have affected the profit cycle since a lot of money is required to maintain the aircraft. The wages have also affected the profit cycle because they are controlled by the union. The union may at times impose a high wage rate that is beyond the capacity of the airlines to pay, and this may affect the profit margin of the airlines (Keeney and Hertel, 2009, p.900) Strategies for Airline Profitability There are several measures that the U.S. airline industry can take to increase cost-effectiveness and to remain competitive. One of the steps that can be implemented is ensuring that they know their customers better. As seen in other companies, knowing consumers preferences are very important so that services that are personalized can be delivered effectively. However, the U.S. airline industry must move beyond relying on loyalty programs that exist which are capable of generating important customer data but do not instantly lead to insights which are real concerning travel choices and behaviors. Most carriers, therefore, need to concentrate and invest in the services that they offer to customers as a result of the knowledge they gather about them. The benefits derived from better knowledge of customers are increased experienced by the passengers who make the customer loyal to an airline. This gives airline greater chances of obtaining revenues which help improve profitability (Nidom ulu, Prahalad, and Rangaswami, 2009, p.59). The other measure that the U.S airlines can use is technology that is digitalized to reduce the costs of operations. For airlines to reduce cost and streamline their operations, they must internally adopt new technology. For instance, engines which are tech-enabled can make operations and maintenance centers aware of issues of performance while a plane is in the air and request that the part is used for a replacement to be ready by the time it lands. Taking such measures help to substantially boost performance and reduce costs while at the same time increases passenger satisfaction by more rapid on time departure and arrivals (Ciliberto, Hikino, and Chandler, 2009, p.1802).This can help to increase profitability. The third strategy that can be taken is to identify the areas that the airline needs to cut the cost of the expenses. The management of airlines needs to identify areas that are not associated with customer value, reputation, branding and safety and reduced the cost of such areas. The airlines should determine their capabilities which give them a competitive advantage over their rivals and invest in such areas and by doing so the profitability of the airline can be boosted (De Neufville, 2008, p.63). The final strategy that the U.S. airline industry can take is to find strategic partners. The legal framework of consolidation and restructurings of bankruptcy in the U.S. cannot be applied in many other markets, and regulation by government continues to put a limit on such consolidation. It is, therefore, necessary for airlines to partner with others which help them to improve their strengths. Partnerships allow carriers to share routes which make them access many destinations. Partnership can contribute to boosting the profitability of the U.S Airlines as a result of increased revenues (De Neufville, 2008, p.41) Conclusion The U.S airline industry has over the years experienced deteriorating profit margins. This has been caused by competitive forces such as new entrants threats which offer reduce fare costs making most customers to prefer them. Secondly, the power of customers to bargain which makes the customers choose carriers which have low costs since there are sites on the internet that they can access where they can compare the fare prices of different carriers. Third, competitive rivalry intensity is caused by the demand side of the customer having more power than the supply side.Fourth, the threat of substitutes and the power of clients to bargain are other forces that affect competition. The profitability of the U.S. airline has been a cyclical one due to factors such as prices, demand, wages, and cost. There are strategies that the U.S airline can take to increase its profitability. These plans are partnering strategically, identifying areas they can cut their costs, using technology that is digitalized and knowing their customers better. 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